Contents: (36 pages)
1 Introduction
2 Gauge Theories and Their Interpretation
3 Interpreting Electromagnetism
4 Quantization and the Aharonov-Bohm Effect
5 Conclusion
References

Contents: (58 pages)
1 Introduction
2 Meanings of electric and magnetic helicities
3 Electromagnetic knots
4 A topological model of electromagnetism
5 Local equivalence and global difference with the standard Maxwell theory
6 A hidden nonlinearity
7 Topological quantization of electromagnetic helicity
8 Topological quantization of elecric and magnetic charges
9 Summary and conclusions

There are four fundamental forces in nature:
1) gravity
2) weak nuclear
3) electromagnetic
4) strong nuclear
The latter two operate within the nucleus of an atom and we’re not going to discuss them very much.G ravity, we’ve seen, operates on everything, although we’ve applied it primarily to macroscopic objects. You’ve probably heard of both electricity and magnetism. These two phenomena are related very closely – they are different aspects of the same phenomenon. We group them together and call the topic electromagnetism. This force is significant at the level of an atom... (10 pages)